STUDY ON SKELETAL DEFORMITIES IN TRIPED CATFISH (PANGASIANODON HYPOPHTHALMUS): A MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION

Nguyen Thao Suong, Mai Dang Tien, Truyen Nha Dinh Hue,

Ha Tran Quoc Tien, Nguyen Phuc Thuong^*

Faculty of Fisheries, Nong Lam University – Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward,

Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

* Corresponding author: npthuong@hcmuaf.edu.vn

 Skeletal deformities, one of the major threats for aquaculture, have been extensively in finfish mariculture with many types of abnormalities being implicated, observed both during intensive rearing and grow-up phases. In freshwater fish culture, however, the published research on bony deformities are quite a bit and limiting. The aim of this study was to describe several types of skeletal deformities in farmed striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878), a commercial species and also the most important exported freshwater fish in Mekong delta, Vietnam. Abnormalities in bone morphotype between normal and deformed juvenile ones were observed and described using both X-ray scanning and the double staining  (Alizarin red S and Acian blue) methos. Several types of skeletal deformation were found in this species, including the total or partial absence of the dorsal fin (saddleback syndrome) and pectoral fin, lordosis and kyphosis in the vertebral column, the unilateral deformities of the opercular complex bones, branchiostegal ray deformities and lower jaw reduction. The results indicated that the skeletal abnormalities ratio is 12-15% of collected samples from rearing farms at Long An and Dong Thap provinces.

Keywords: skeletal deformities; double staining; X-ray scanning; Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

GREEN-SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES (AuNPs) USING POLYCHAETES (MARINE WORMS), MARYPHYSA MORIBIDII AS REDUCING AGENTS AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY AGAINST VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS

Mohamad Sofi Abu Hassan1, Nurul Ashikin Elias1, Marina Hassan1, Noor Aniza Harun2, 3

1Higher institution Centre of Excellence (HIcoE) Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

3Advanced Nano Materials Research Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: nooraniza@umt.edu.my

The continuous emergence of bacterial resistance towards antibiotic therapy has challenged the research community in developing novel antibiotic agents. Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) govern by its unique optical properties possesses a promising antibacterial activity hindering the bacteria from gaining resistance. This properties suggested a prospective use as a fresh approach to the management and prevention of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the aquaculture sector. Owing to the cumbersome process and significant toxicity of AuNPs in the existing method of producing AuNPs. Green-synthesis was conducted for this study using polychaetes (marine worms), Maryphysa moribidii as a potential reducing agent. AuNPs were biosythesized using polychaete extracts and observed up to three months for stability. The ultraviolet-visible (UV- Vis) spectroscopy revealed the formation of AuNPs by exhibiting a range of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 535-545nm. Biosynthesized AuNPs were observed in spherical-like shapes with large aggregations analysed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), AuNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the synthesized AuNPs do not originally exist in the polychaete’s body but rather successfully reduced using polychaete extract. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed an average particle size of AuNPs, (288.5 d. nm) with Polydispersity index (PDI) value of 0.2. Well diffusion method was conducted to examine the antimicrobial properties of AuNPs against V. parahaemolyticus, which revealed the zone of inhibition (ZOI): 17.25 ±0.35 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) of AuNPs revealed the result of both MIC and MBC were 3.125 mg/ml respectively. This study proved that marine invertebrate has potential to produce nanoparticles which currently dominated by plant-based synthesis and its antimicrobial properties can be utilized in health-management control of aquaculture settings.

Keywords: Gold nanoparticles, Aquaculture health-management, Bacterial resistance, Green- synthesis

COMPARATIVE ANESTHETIC EFFICACY OF CLOVE OIL, ALFAXALONE, KETAMINE, LIDOCAINE, MIDAZOLAM, AND PROPOFOL FOR IMMERSION ANESTHESIA IN ZEBRAFISH (DANIO RERIO)

Randy Manuel Galutan

Open University System, Pangasinan State University

Pangasinan, Philippines

Corresponding author: dr.galutan@gmail.com

The study was conducted to determine the comparative anesthetic efficacy of Clove oil, Alfaxalone, Ketamine, Lidocaine, Midazolam, and Propofol for immersion anesthesia in zebrafish (Danio rerio). To identify the different effects and margin of safety of the 6 anesthetic drugs by carefully monitoring and gathering data on the time when the experimental fish loss its equilibrium, the recorded time on loss of reflex from soft stimuli, the recorded time on loss of reflex from painful reflex, the time of recovery, the time when the experimental fish starts to eat, and the recorded opercular movement per minute before and during the deep stage of anesthesia prior to recovery. The data gathered was treated by statistical tool Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Each anesthestic tank treatment was represented by 10 zebrafish with 3 replications of treatment. The research study was conducted on August 12, 2022, at Animal Recovery Veterinary Centre, located at 482 Serangoon Road 01-01, Singapore 218149. There were significant differences observed in the study with mean time loss of equilibrium, exposure to anesthetic drug Alfaxalone has shortest time of 0.95 minutes, followed by Propofol with 5.66 minutes, followed by Clove oil with 8.06 minutes, followed by Lidocaine with 9.2 minutes, Midazolam with 110.33 minutes then Ketamine at 233.16 minutes. There were significant differences observed on mean time recorded for the loss of reflex from soft stimulus, the use of Alfaxalone has recorded mean time of 1.73 minutes, followed Propofol with 7.77 minutes, followed by Clove oil with 12.23 minutes, then Lidocaine with 22.67 minutes, followed by Midazolam with 131.83minutes and Ketamine with 270.5 minutes. There were significant differences observed on mean time recorded for the loss of reflex from painful stimuli, Exposure to Alfaxalone gathered 2.3 minutes, Propofol 10.17 minutes, Clove oil 19.87 minutes, Lidocaine with 42.47 minutes, Midazolam with 150.5 minutes and Ketamine with 347.67 minutes. There were significant differences observed on mean time recorded on anesthetic recovery time, for Propofol 10.7 minutes, followed by Alfaxalone with 11.97 minutes, Lidocaine with 17.975 minutes, Clove oil with 39.67 minutes, Ketamine with 72.83 minutes and Midazolam with 188 minutes. There were significant differences observed on mean time recorded on the experimental fish starting to eat after recovery, Clove Oil has 42.93 minutes, Alfaxalone with 22.53 minutes, Ketamine with 78.17 minutes, Lidocaine with 21.39 minutes, Midazolam with 214.33 minutes, Propofol with 21.47 minutes. There were differences observed on mean time recorded on the opercular beat per minutes before anesthesia, Clove Oil has 177.8 beats per minutes, Alfaxalone with 185.1 beats per minutes, Ketamine with minute of 188.33 beats per minutes, Lidocaine with 190.33 beats per minutes, Midazolam with 188 beats per minutes and Propofol with 186.37 beats per minutes. There were differences observed on mean Opercular beats per minute during anesthesia on the experimental fish, for Clove Oil with 4.3 beats per minutes, Alfaxalone with 2.13 beats per minutes, Ketamine with 4.67 beats per minutes, Lidocaine with 1.92 beats per minutes, Midazolam with 5.07 beats per minutes, Propofol with 3.47 beats per minutes.

Keywords: Fish anesthesia, Clove Oil, Alfaxalone, Ketamine, Lidocaine, Midazolam, Propofol, Zebrafish.

SCREENING OF HERBS AGAINST FISH PATHOGEN BACTERIA

Mustafa, W. M. I. W¹, Idris, S. M^2*, Mansor, N. N. B³.

¹ Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) Tanjung Demong, 22200 Besut, Terengganu

²Department of Marine Science, Kulliyyah of Sciences, International Islamic University

Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: shaharah@dof.gov.my

Medicinal plants are the preferred alternative source for controlling diseases in aquaculture. It contains bioactive compounds like tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, steroids, and flavonoids, all of which have different biochemical properties. Antibacterial properties available in these bioactive compounds, which could help prevent a wide range of fish diseases. As a result, antimicrobial activity screening and evaluation processes have gotten a lot of attention, with herbal plants being the focus of this study. Because of its importance, this study was designed to evaluate its antibacterial activity against fish pathogens using different herbs and types of solvents. In this study, the antibacterial activity of six plant extracts, Senduduk (Melastoma malabathricum), Semambu (Azadirachta indica), Mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa), Munggai (Moringa oleifera), Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), and Gelenggang (Senna alata) was tested against five common fish pathogenic bacteria i.e, V. alginolyticus, V. vulnificus, A. hydrophila, S. Agalactiae, and E. tarda. The antibacterial activity was assessed by agar-disc diffusion method, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The results indicate that Gelenggang and Senduduk methanolic has a high antimicrobial activity against V. alginolyticus and E. tarda. In contrast to ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate exhibit less antibacterial efficacy against fish pathogenic bacteria. This study revealed that methanol was preferable solvent than ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate for extracting bioactive compounds from Gelenggang and Senduduk extract because it exhibited the best performance in terms of in vitro antibacterial activity.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Aquaculture, Active compound, Antibacterial, Solvent

FIELD EFFICACY OF GARLIC (GARLEX) AND PIPER BETEL (SIREHMAX^TM) EXTRACT AGAINST VIBRIOSIS IN ASIAN SEABASS

Fahmi, M. F.¹, Shaharah, M. I.^1* and Firdaus-Nawi, M.^2,

¹Marine Fishes Aquaculture Research Division, Fisheries Research Institute, Tanjung Demong, 22200, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia.

²Department of Marine Science, Kuliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.

^*Corresponding author: shaharah@dof.gov.my

Vibriosis is a very important disease that affects a wide range of farmed and wild fish in the marine environment. The disease caused severe economic losses of approximately USD 7.4M to the Malaysian mariculture industry in the early 1990s. Various types of antibiotics are the popular choice by farmers to overcome the disease. However, the unregulated and irresponsible use of synthetic antibiotics had contributed to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria as well as antibiotic contamination in the environment and fish flesh. Herbs extracts are considered the best alternative due to their strong antibacterial and immunostimulant effect without negative side effects compared to antibiotics. Two plant extracts; Piper betel (SirehMax^TM) and Allium sativum (Garlex) were successfully tested in the laboratory and gave excellent results against vibriosis. As a continuation, the field efficacy study was conducted to determine the antibacterial and immunostimulant effect of both SirehMax^TM and Garlex against vibriosis in Asian seabass. Initial results from the analysis will be presented and analytic issues will be discussed, including an approach that will help to evaluate the functional properties of both extracts that can act as excellent antibacterial and immunostimulant agents to prevent vibriosis in Asian seabass.

Keywords: Vibriosis, Asian seabass, Garlex, SirehMax, Antibacterial, Immunostimulant