CORRELATION OF BODY WEIGHT AND CARAPACE LENGTH WITH GONADAL MATURITY LEVEL OF CULTURED FEMALE SCALLOPED SPINY LOBSTERS (PANULIRUS HOMARUS) IN PRIGI BAY

Akhmad Taufiq Mukti^1*, Beryl Shafwa Qorry Aina², Muhamad Amin¹, Ahmad Shofy Mubarak³, Mhd Ikhwanuddin^4,5

¹Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia

²Study Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia

³Department of Marine, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia

⁴Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia

⁵STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China

*Corresponding author: akhmad-t-m@fpk.unair.ac.id

Gonad maturation is one of important reproduction aspects to develop scalloped spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) hatchery. Various studies have been conducted to identify the development of scalloped spiny lobster’s gonad maturity in Indonesia, but no research has been conducted to determine the correlation of gonadal maturity with scalloped spiny lobster morphology. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between body weight and carapace length with the gonad maturity level of female scalloped spiny lobster. This study was used 12 female scalloped spiny lobster samples obtained from Prigi Bay, Trenggalek, East Java in October 2021. The samples were measured carapace length (cm) and body weight (g), while the gonadal maturity level was observed macroscopically and microscopically through tissue slide with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The supporting parameters observed were gonad maturity index (GMI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and water quality such as temperature (°C), salinity (ppt), dissolved oxygen (mg/L), NO₃ (mg/L), and pH. The data were analyzed by the Spearman rank correlation method. The results obtained showed that all samples are in the same maturity level (immature), so that there was no correlation between carapace length and body weight with gonadal maturity level.

Keywords: gonadal maturity level, mariculture species, scalloped spiny lobster

REVEALING DIETS OF WILD-CAUGHT ORNATE SPINY LOBSTER, PANULIRUS ORNATUS, AT EARLY LIFE STAGES USING EDNA METABARCODING

Muhamad Amin^1* , Hussein Taha² , Syifania Hanifah Samara¹ , Anis Fitria¹ , Nur Aini Muslichah¹ , Laila Musdalifah³ , Takaomi Arai²

¹Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl.

Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.

²Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei

Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.

³National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia.

*Corresponding author: muhamad.amin@fpk.unair.ac.id

Diets are a critical factor in the production of lobster larvae in a hatchery for aquaculture purposes, yet knowledge on the diet requirements of spiny lobster especially at its early life stages is rarely investigated. The present study aimed at identifying potential diets of spiny lobster by analyzing the stomach content of wildcaught ornate spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus, at three different life stages: puerulus, post-peurulus, and juvenile using eDNA metabarcoding. The results showed that 10 species were identified at the puerulus stage, which was Oithona sp. (36.30%), Macropthalmus setous (19.18%), Audacallichirus mirim (13.01%), Oithona simplex (5.48%), Pseudodiaptomus euryhalinus (4.11%), Acartia bispinosa (3.42%), Acartia tonsa (2.74%), Xiphias gladius (2.15%), Parribacus perlatus (2.05%), and Parribacus japonicus (1.37%). At the post-puerulus stage, 17 species were identified, with the 10 most dominant species were Audacallichirus mirim (28.6%), Oithona sp. (19.36%), Pichia sp. (5.96%), Helice tientsinensis (5.86%), Oithona simplex (5.36%), Halicarcinus ovatus (4.47%), Macrophthalmus setosus (3.28%), Pseudodiaptosmus euryhalinus (2.78%), Calanus finmarchicus (2.18%), and Xiphias gladius (2.18%). At the juvenile stage, 34 diet species were identified, with the top 10 most dominant species were Oithona sp. (80.88%), followed by Canthocalanus pauper (5.66%), Acartia bispinosa (4.02%), Longipedia koreana (2.30%), Oithona davisae (1.92%), Canuella perplexa (1.02%), Oithona aurensis (1.02%), Euterpina acutifrons (0.74%), Harpacticus sp. (0.49%), and Calocalanus improvisus (0.17%). While there were at least 34 species of planktons identified from the natural habitat including Steginoplrella truncata (28.5%), Malssezia restricta (26%), Sinocalanus sinensis (7.24%), Acanthamoeba sp. (6.38%), Gomphonema acumminatum (2.59%), Ascomorpha ovalis  (2.47%),  Gomphonesis okunoi (2.36%) and  Acanthamoeba castellani (1.48%). The five dominant species found in the stomach at all life stages were Oithona sp., Oithona simplex, Acartia tonsa, Macrophthalmus setosus, and Acartia bispinosa. These results suggest that these five crustacean members are potential diets for ornate spiny lobster larvae.

Keywords: eDNA metabarcoding; lobster; stomach content; prey items.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES ON GROWTH, BIOMASS, AND TOTAL LIPID CONTENT IN Thalassiosira weissflogii

Muhammad Faiz Zakaria^1,2, Noor Amanina Awang^2,3, Mohd. Effendy Abd. Wahid^3,4, Tomoyo Katayama⁵, Malinna Jusoh^1,2*

¹Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

²SATREPS-COSMOS Laboratory, Centre of Research and Field Service, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

³Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

⁴Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

⁵Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan

⁶Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Malaysia

*Corresponding author: malinna@umt.edu.my

Microalgae have been used as the primary source of live feed and nutritional additives in aquatic animal diets. Microalgae that show high growth performance and biomass are suitable for aquatic live feed. Furthermore, the demand for microalgae species that shows high nutritional value including total lipid in the aquaculture industry has increased tremendously over the past decade. Cultivation factors such as temperature significantly influence the growth performances, biomass, and total lipid content of microalgae. Hence, the present study evaluated the effects of different temperatures on the growth performance, biomass, and total lipid content of marine microalga, Thalassiosira weissflogii. The absorbance of growth performance was measured for 24 days. Samples were harvested at the stationary phase for biomass and total lipid determination. Based on the growth performance, the sample cultured at 20ºC shows the highest absorbance on day 15 (stationary phase, 0.2059 OD). Meanwhile, the highest biomass was recorded at 30ºC (25.19% ± 0.577). The sample cultured at 20ºC also had the highest total lipid content (29.91% ± 1.4627) compared to the other treatments. The sample that was cultured at a lower temperature shows an increase in growth performance and total lipid content at stationary phases. Hence, 20ºC temperatures would be the suitable temperature treatment for total lipid production in T. weissflogii cultivation.

Keywords: Thalassiosira weissflogii, temperature, growth, biomass, total lipid

INFLUENCE OF STOCKING DENSITY ON FOOOD INTAKE, GROWTH AND SPECIFIC GROWTH RATES IN TWO EXOTIC FRESHWATER FISHES OF INDIA

S Ravichandra Reddy^*and B.N. Vishwanath

Department of Zoology, Bangalore , University, Bangalore 560056, India

^*Corresponding author: srreddy46@gmail.com

Stocking density is considered as an important factor directly affecting the survival, growth and production process in fish.  Under controlled conditions, it is essential to determine the proper stocking density of each species of fish in terms of number of fishes/unit area of the habitat or volume of water (Knights, 1985).  Hence, identifying the optimum stocking density for a species is a critical factor not only for designing an efficient culture system but also for optimum husbandry practices.  Objectives of the present work was to evaluate the influence of different stocking densities on feed utilization and growth performance of two freshwater exotic fishes Oreochromis mossambicus and Clarias gariepinus respectively.  Body weight of experimental fishes averaged 0.882 ± 0.013g for O. mossambicus and 0.774 ± 0.015g for C. gariepinus respectively.   Population densities of 3,5,7,10 and 15 individuals/6 l of freshwater were held in each aquarium.   At each population density, fish were fed daily on ad libitum Tubifex tubifex worms. Since, volume of water in the aquarium was maintained at 6 l/aquarium, during 40 days experimental period, any changes in population density of either species of fishes, resulted in gradual increase in the average biomass of fish per liter of water. Daily food intake in either species of fish increased with increase in stocking density and maximum food intake of 92.67 ± 1.299 mg live/fish day^- in O. mossambicus and 99.50 ± 0.613 mg live/fish day^-1in C.gariepinus was observed respectively at a density of 15 fish/6 l of water. Unlike food intake, daily growth of O. mossambicue and C. gariepinus decreased with increase in population density.  While feeding rate of the two species of fish displayed a linear relationship (Y = 4.080x + 84.02 R² = 0.812  and Y = 5.681x + 104.4  R²=  0.976 respectively), that of growth rate and population density indicated an inverse relation relationship  (Y = 0.874 x 7.687      R² = 0.973 and Y =2.882 x 20.33 R² = 0.986) respectively. Results are discussed in the light of its application in culture practices of these fishes.

Key words: Exotic fishes, population density, food intake, growth.

COMPARATIVE ANESTHETIC EFFICACY OF CLOVE OIL, ALFAXALONE, KETAMINE, LIDOCAINE, MIDAZOLAM, AND PROPOFOL FOR IMMERSION ANESTHESIA IN ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio)

Randy Manuel Galutan

Open University System, Pangasinan State University Pangasinan, Philippines

^*Corresponding author: dr.galutan@gmail.com

The study was conducted to determine the comparative anesthetic efficacy of Clove oil, Alfaxalone, Ketamine, Lidocaine, Midazolam, and Propofol for immersion anesthesia in zebrafish (Danio rerio). To identify the different effects and margin of safety of the 6 anesthetic drugs by carefully monitoring and gathering data on the time when the experimental fish loss its equilibrium, the recorded time on loss of reflex from soft stimuli, the recorded time on loss of reflex from painful reflex, the time of recovery, the time when the experimental fish starts to eat, and the recorded opercular movement per minute before and during the deep stage of anesthesia prior to recovery. The data gathered was treated by statistical tool Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Each anesthestic tank treatment was represented by 10 zebrafish with 3 replications of treatment. The research study was conducted on August 12, 2022, at Animal Recovery Veterinary Centre, located at 482 Serangoon Road 01-01, Singapore 218149. There were significant differences observed in the study with mean time loss of equilibrium, exposure to anesthetic drug Alfaxalone has shortest time of 0.95 minutes, followed by Propofol with 5.66 minutes, followed by Clove oil with 8.06 minutes, followed by Lidocaine with 9.2 minutes, Midazolam with 110.33 minutes then Ketamine at 233.16 minutes. There were significant differences observed on mean time recorded for the loss of reflex from soft stimulus, the use of Alfaxalone has recorded mean time of 1.73 minutes, followed Propofol with 7.77 minutes, followed by Clove oil with 12.23 minutes, then Lidocaine with 22.67 minutes, followed by Midazolam with 131.83minutes and Ketamine with 270.5 minutes. There were significant differences observed on mean time recorded for the loss of reflex from painful stimuli, Exposure to Alfaxalone gathered 2.3 minutes, Propofol 10.17 minutes, Clove oil 19.87 minutes, Lidocaine with 42.47 minutes, Midazolam with 150.5 minutes and Ketamine with 347.67 minutes. There were significant differences observed on mean time recorded on anesthetic recovery time, for Propofol 10.7 minutes, followed by Alfaxalone with 11.97 minutes, Lidocaine with 17.975 minutes, Clove oil with 39.67 minutes, Ketamine with 72.83 minutes and Midazolam with 188 minutes. There were significant differences observed on mean time recorded on the experimental fish starting to eat after recovery, Clove Oil has 42.93 minutes, Alfaxalone with 22.53 minutes, Ketamine with 78.17 minutes, Lidocaine with 21.39 minutes, Midazolam with 214.33 minutes, Propofol with 21.47 minutes. There were differences observed on mean time recorded on the opercular beat per minutes before anesthesia, Clove Oil has 177.8 beats per minutes, Alfaxalone with 185.1 beats per minutes, Ketamine with minute of 188.33 beats per minutes, Lidocaine with 190.33 beats per minutes, Midazolam with 188 beats per minutes and Propofol with 186.37 beats per minutes. There were differences observed on mean Opercular beats per minute during anesthesia on the experimental fish, for Clove Oil with 4.3 beats per minutes, Alfaxalone with 2.13 beats per minutes, Ketamine with 4.67 beats per minutes, Lidocaine with 1.92 beats per minutes, Midazolam with 5.07 beats per minutes, Propofol with 3.47 beats per minutes.

Keywords: Fish anesthesia, Clove Oil, Alfaxalone, Ketamine, Lidocaine, Midazolam, Propofol, Zebrafish.

UTILIZATION OF MICROALGAE, CHLORELLA SP. UMT LF2 FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI CULTURE SYSTEM AND HARVESTING USING BIO-FLOCCULANT, ASPERGILLUS NIGER

Nurfarahana Mohd Nasir^1,2, Ahmad Jusoh², Nor Azman Kasan^*3, Amyra Suryatie Kamaruzzan³, Wan Azlina Wan Abdul Karim Ghani*¹, Setyo Budi Kurniawan⁴, Fathurrahman Lananan⁵

¹Sustainable Process Engineering Research Centre (SPERC), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia

²Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

³Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HiCoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

⁴Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

⁵East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu

*Corresponding author: norazman@umt.edu.my, wanazlina@upm.edu.my

Microalgae are well known as autotrophic microorganisms in aquaculture wastewater treatment, however their role in the aquaculture system is rarely explored. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of adding microalgae, Chlorella sp. UMT LF2, on the functionality for bioremediation and growth performance of whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei in the nursery phase reared in a control culture system. Secondly, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate further on the optimal condition for the harvesting process of excess microalgae biomass using bio-flocculant from the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger. The experimental set-up with Chlorella sp. additions were compared to the control group without the microalgae addition based on the water quality, microalgae biomass and shrimp growth performance. Water samples were collected and underwent in-situ and ex-situ involving nine physicochemical parameters. The results showed that introducing microalgae with zero water exchange as treatment tanks reduced the NH₃, NO₂^- and PO₄^3- during the intermediate until the two days before the 30-day culture period’s end. Microalgae also enhanced shrimp survival and growth performance significantly 89% as compared to the control, 68%. Furthermore, the culture with the addition of microalgae were maintained pH stability and enhanced dissolved oxygen during daytime in the culture water. Therefore, this finding confirmed that Chlorella sp. UMT LF2 addition is promising in improving rearing environment and nursery performance for L. vannamei in culture system. However, further research is required to demonstrate the harvesting by-product from the culture system and the potential applications.

Keywords: Microalgae; Aquaculture System; Nutrient Removal; Bioremediation; Bio-harvesting, Response Surface Methodology