SYNBIOTIC EFFECTS OF CHITOSAN AND ACINETOBACTER KU011TH MIXTURE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, IMMUNE-RESPONSES AND DISEASE RESISTANCE AGAINST AROMONAS HYDROPHILA OF HYBRID CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS × C. MACROCEPHALUS)

Pisey Say1, Sukkrit Nimikul1 and Prapansak Srisapoome1,2*

1 Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand

2 Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries

*Correspondence: Prapansak Srisapoome, ffispssp@ku.ac.th

Improving catfish aquaculture production through animal health management has become mandatory aspect over decades. To date, the hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus × C. macrocephalus) has been marketed as a high economic freshwater fish products in Asia. However, the severe disease caused by Aeromonas hydrophila is presented to hamper this catfish industry. Toward, to remedy this problem, the present study aims to evaluate the combined effects of a prebiotic, chitosan (CH) and Acinetobacter KU011TH (AK) as a potential probiotic strain on growth performance, immune-responses, and disease resistance against A. hydrophila in this catfish via oral administration. Whereas the control group was fed with basal diet (BD) while the other four treatment groups were formulary fed with BD supplementing with B: CH (20 mL/kg diet); C: 1 × 108, D: 1 × 109 and E: 1 × 1010 CFU/mL of AK which coated with the CH (20 mL/kg diet), respectively. Experimental fishes (5.70 ± 0.41 g/fish body weight) were kept indoor during the accumulation and experimentation period where 30 fingerlings per tank were reared in a 250 L-fiberplastic tank with continuous aeration and were run as four replicates for 16 weeks. Administration of synbiotics had no significant enhance the hybrid clarias catfish’s average daily gain (ADG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The application had also not significantly increased the hematocrit (Pack cells volume) and erythrocyte counts. Interestingly, the application had been significantly increased leukocytes counts, respiratory burst, lysozyme activity, alternative complement pathway hemolytic (ACH50) activity, and bactericidal activity which are essential cellular and innate immunity in tested catfish over the analysis period (P < 0.05). Additionally, after 14 days of A. hydrophila peritoneal injection, fish in groups B, C and D shew lower mortality rates of 20%, 25% and 35%, respectively, and a significantly higher in group E (53%; P < 0.05) than the control fish (33%). These results collectively suggest that dietary supplementation with synbiotic CH and AK at 1 × 108, 1 × 109 CFU/kg diet effectively boosted the immune responses, and disease resistance in hybrid catfish against A. hydrophila under long-term application. However, supplementation with synbiotic CH and AK at 1 × 1010 CFU/kg diet was significantly shown negative effect with long-term application.

 Keywords: Clarias catfish, hybrid Clarias catfish, chitosan, Acinetobacter KU011TH, growth rate, innate-immune responses, disease resistance, and Aeromonas hydrophila

COMPARATIVE GILL STRUCTURE BETWEEN EPISESARMA VERSICOLOR AND E. SINGAPORENSE FROM THAILAND

Thananporn Jitpakdee^1,*, Pornthep Wirachwong¹, Supparat Kong-Oh¹, Wannee Jiraungkoorskul², Gen Kaneko³, Sinlapachai Senarat¹, Atsuo lida⁴, Chanyut Sudtongkong¹

1Department of Marine Science and Environment, Faculty of Science and Fisheries Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Trang, Thailand Agriculture

2Pathology Division, Preclinical Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkokthonburi University, Bangkok 10170, Thailand

3College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, Texas, USA

4Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

*Corresponding author: than24184@gmail.com

Despite the importance for breathing and osmoregulation, the anatomical histology data is missing for Sesarma crab's gill. In the current study, the gill structure of two commercially significant crabs, Episesarma versicolor and E. singaporense, was morphologically compared and described using histological methods. All crab samples were collected from the estuarine area, Thailand (n = 10 for each species). In terms of morphology, the E. versicolor possessed the phyllobranchiate gill pairs (8.0 ± 0.00 pairs), as a similar to the E. singaporense. Their gills shared similar structural details viewed from the antero-posterior body axis. The lamella was covered with a thin epithelium, known as the “respiratory epithelium”. An intralamellar septum in the haemolymph space was clearly observed together with the presence of hemocytes. These hemocytes could be classified into three types: granulocyte, semi- granulocyte and hyalinocytes. The arrangement of pillar cells was closely connected with the epithelium. Although the two crabs' gill histology was essentially the same as those of other crabs, it will be applied to further information such as the respiratory physiology and histopathology.

Keywords: Gill structure, Hemocyte, Histology, Sesarma crab, Thailand

PLANKTON BASED COMMUNITIES STUCTURE FROM TIGER SHRIMP PENAEUS MONODON CULTURE POND OF KUALA SANGLANG, KEDAH, MALAYSIA

Hidayah Manan¹, Nor Azman Kasan¹, Mohamad Siti Jalilah¹, Mhd Ikhwanuddin¹, Fazlan Fauzan², Kenneth Chew², Adnan Amin-Safwan³

¹Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

²TNT Marine Sdn. Bhd, KS2 AB7-2, Jalan Kuala Kerpan, Kuala Sanglang, 06150 Ayer Hitam, Kedah, Malaysia

³Department of Applied Sciences and Agriculture, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Johor Branch Campus, Jalan Segamat/Labis, 85000 Segamat Johor, Malaysia

^*Corresponding author: hidayahmanan@umt.edu.my

Study on the plankton-based communities structures from Tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon grow out culture ponds was conducted from April to June, 2022 (3 months sampling periods) to identify the plankton communities inhabited in the water column of shrimp cultured pond. Pond SL6 was selected and being sampled at DOC59, DOC100 and DOC133 and the water samples were preserved using 70% formalin prior to analysis. Advance microscope Nikon80i was used for the sample’s observation and ALGABASE website was referred for identification of the planktonic samples. For the water parameter analysis, pH was at 7.82±0.07, salinity; 35.66±2.25 and ammonia was 1.16±1.43 mg/L. Ammonia was identified in low concentration even from the sample of the highest ages pond of DOC133. The Bacillariophytes, diatom group was identified as the highest density in all of three ages pond water samples ranged from 1200 cell/L to 1746.7 cell/L. The planktons identified known as Nitzschia sp, Leptocylindrus sp, Amphora sp. Cymbella sp., Licmophora sp, Melosira sp, Pinnularia sp. and Cocconeis sp. The second highest group was identified as Chlorophytes, the green algae group ranged from 386.67 cell/L to 400 cell/L followed by the Ochrophytes, ranged from 280-293.3cell/L. There was also cyanobacteria group from Cylindrospermum sp., the filamentous cyanobacteria or blue green algae that was identified from samples pond DOC133. The zooplankton rotifer was identified in all DOC59, DOC100 and DOC133 samples and also group of Arthropoda zooplankton in DOC133. Apart of that, in DOC133, higher samples of protozoan from group Cilliophora, Parameciidae, euglenophytes, and Zoothamnium species were also identified inhabited in the water samples, showing that the highest accumulation of organic compound in the large DOC shrimp pond that contribute to the appearance of the protozoan as one of the decomposer micro-organisms. The natural occurrences of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the water columns help in maintains the water quality and also as the supplemented feed diet to the shrimp as well. Overall, it can be concluded that the continuous monitoring on the plankton communities structure in the aquaculture ponds could help in the prevention and monitoring on the domination of the harmful algae bloom of dinoflagellates group that could jeopardized the shrimp environmental health and also the shrimp production as well.

Keywords: Plankton communities, density, diatom, live feed, environmental health, water quality.

EFFECTS OF HOST ASSOCIATED PROBIOTICS AND COMMERCIAL PROBIOTIC ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GUT AND MUSCLE HISTOMORPHOLOGY, AND DISEASE RESISTANCE OF MALAYSIAN MAHSEER, TOR TAMBROIDES EARLY JUVENILES

Mohammod Kamruzzaman Hossain^1*, Sairatul Dahlianis Ishak¹, Shumpei Iehata²,

NoorDiyana Mat Noordin², Md. Abdul Kader³, Mohammad Asmat Ullah¹, Sharifah Noor Emilia², Yeong Yik Sung⁴, Ambok Bolong Abol-Munafi¹

¹Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; ²Faculty of Food and Fisheries Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia;

 ³Alternative Aquaculture, Melbourne, Australia,

 ⁴Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

^*Corresponding author: p3321@pps.umt.edu.my

The efficacy of probiotics depends on many factors such as, origin of probiotics, age, and size of fish, duration, dose, and method of application, and culture environment. A feeding experiment were performed to evaluate the comparative effects of host associated probiotics (HAPs) with commercially prepared probiotics (CP) on survival, growth performances, biochemical composition, gut, and muscle histo-morphology of Malaysian Mahseer, Tor tambroides early juveniles (initial weight 2.53±0.02 g). Control fish received basal feed only (T1), whereas two HAPs and a CP were added at 1x10⁸ cfug-1 into basal feed as experimental diets (T2: Aeromonas sp. A8-29; T3: Enterococcus faecalis strain FC11682; T4: commercial probiotics Bacillus sp.). After 10 weeks feeding, all treatments were challenged with fish pathogen, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, by injecting the amount of lethal dose (LD50:1x10⁸ CFUml^-1) intraperitoneally. Results showed that fish fed HAPs-supplemented diets performed significantly better in all growth parameters and have higher survival after challenge test. Whole body proximate composition did not differ between treatments. However, both HAPs treatments increased total n-6, C18:3n-3, and C18:2n-6 content in whole body, with highest C20:4n-6 content observed in T3 fish. Histology observation showed that both HAPs treatments positively affected gut morphology measured by increased villus height, width, area, and also improved hypertrophic muscle growth. In conclusion, the application of HAPs in diets of T. tambroides early juveniles, particularly E. faecalis strain FC11682, demonstrated overall better performances and could be used as promising probiotics in T. tambroides culture.

Keywords: Aeromonas sp., commercial probiotics, disease resistance, Enterococcus faecalis; host associated probiotics, T. tambroides

EFFECT OF HOST SIZE ON THE PREVALENCE OF PROBOPYRUS SP. ON MACROBRACHIUM SPP AND THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION FROM NYATOH RIVER, TERENGGANU

Nur Nadhirah Mohd Niza¹, Wahidah Wahab¹, Farizan Abdullah¹, Mohd Ihwan Zakariah¹, Nor Asma Husna Yusoff¹, Marina Hassan^1*

¹Higher Institution centre of excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: marina@umt.edu.my

The parasitic bopyrid isopod, Probopyrus sp. is a common ectoparasite of of Macrobrachium spp. from a few rivers in Peninsular Malaysia. The freshwater prawn species are popular among the local people and also become one of the commercially highest demand crustaceans in Malaysia. There are two species of Macrobrachium spp. from Nyatoh River which are Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Macrobrachium lanchesteri. Samples of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Macrobrachium lanchesteri were collected and examined for the infestation of the parasite. The presence of Probopyrus sp. was observed by the visible bulge in the prawn’s branchiostegite. A matured female Probopyrus sp. was collected in both infected prawns, dehydrated in series of ethanol, coated with gold and the features were captured by using x50, x60, x80 and x100 magnifications. The morphology description of female Probopyrus sp. was observed by using Tabletop Scanning Electron Microscope. The infestation rate for Macrobrachium rosenbergii is at 38.2% which is higher compared to Macrobrachium lanchesteri, only at 1.2%. The result showed, Probopyrus sp. preferred the larger size of host such as Macrobrachium rosenbergii compared to the smaller host Macrobrachium lanchesteri. The features of Probopyrus sp. was identified by following description based on Markham (1985) which are slightly asymmetrical pentagonal in outline body, unclefted head, the presence of black pigment of the pereomeres, maxilipede with setose palp and presence of tiny knoblike uropod. In this study, both M. rosenbergii and M. lanchesteri were infected by adult female Probopyrus buitendijki.

Keywords: Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Macrobrachium lanchesteri, Probopyrus sp., Nyatoh River.

HELMINTH PARASITES IN SHORT – BODIED MACKEREL (RASTRELLIGER BRACHYSOMA), INDIAN MACKEREL (R. KANAGURTA) AND BIGEYE SCAD (SELAR CRUMENOPHTHALMUS) FROM SMALL FISHING BOATS, SONGKHLA, SOUTHERN THAILAND

Nirattisai Petchsupa*, Atitaya Semchuchud

 Department of Agricultural and Fishery Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani, Thailand

*Corresponding author: nirattisai.p@psu.ac.th

Helminth is one of the parasitic groups found on the economic marine fish, which some helminths can cause harm in the public health if the raw infested fish were consumed. Therefore, three economic fishes, short – bodied mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma), Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta) and bigeye Scad (Selar crumenophthalmus) caught from small fishing boats, Thepha District, Songkhla, Southern Thailand was conducted from January to March 2021 to survey the helminth infestation. One hundred and eighty of all three species of fish samples (60 individual fish samples per species) were examined for helminth infestation using standard parasitological techniques. The result was that acanthocephalans and nematodes were the helminths found in this research. The most prevalence of the helminth infested fish was observed in Indian mackerel (93.33%), whereas the least prevalence was shown in short-bodied mackerel (30%). Four species of the nematodes, Anisakis sp., Raphidascaris sp., Porrocaecum sp. and Philometra sp., were examined from the gastrointestinal tract of the short-bodied mackerel and the bigeye scad, while those observed in Indian mackerel were Anisakis sp., Raphidascaris sp., Contracaecum sp. and Philometra sp. The acanthocephalan, Rhadinorhynchus pristis was found in both short-bodied mackerel and Indian mackerel, whereas Echnorhynchus sp. was only obtained from the bigeye scad. The most helminth was Anisakis sp. observed in all fish species with the highest prevalence in the bigeye scad (68.33%) and the mean intensity of this parasite was 4.13 per fish. This result referred that these fishes may be high risk for consumption of raw fish due to the observation of Anisakis sp., the harmful helminth for consumer health.

Keywords: short – bodied mackerel, Indian mackerel, bigeye scad, nematode, acanthocephalan